What is an AsOf Join?

Time series data is not always perfectly aligned. Clocks may be slightly off, or there may be a delay between cause and effect. This can make connecting two sets of ordered data challenging. AsOf joins are a tool for solving this and other similar problems.

One of the problems that AsOf joins are used to solve is finding the value of a varying property at a specific point in time. This use case is so common that it is where the name came from:

Give me the value of the property as of this time.

More generally, however, AsOf joins embody some common temporal analytic semantics, which can be cumbersome and slow to implement in standard SQL.

Portfolio Example Dataset

Let's start with a concrete example. Suppose we have a table of stock prices with timestamps:

We have another table containing portfolio holdings at various points in time:

To load these tables to DuckDB, run:

CREATE TABLE prices AS FROM 'https://duckdb.org/data/prices.csv';
CREATE TABLE holdings AS FROM 'https://duckdb.org/data/holdings.csv';

Inner AsOf Joins

We can compute the value of each holding at that point in time by finding the most recent price before the holding's timestamp by using an AsOf Join:

SELECT h.ticker, h.when, price * shares AS value
FROM holdings h
ASOF JOIN prices p
       ON h.ticker = p.ticker
      AND h.when >= p.when;

This attaches the value of the holding at that time to each row:

It essentially executes a function defined by looking up nearby values in the prices table. Note also that missing ticker values do not have a match and don't appear in the output.

Outer AsOf Joins

Because AsOf produces at most one match from the right hand side, the left side table will not grow as a result of the join, but it could shrink if there are missing times on the right. To handle this situation, you can use an outer AsOf Join:

SELECT h.ticker, h.when, price * shares AS value
FROM holdings h
ASOF LEFT JOIN prices p
            ON h.ticker = p.ticker
           AND h.when >= p.when
ORDER BY ALL;

As you might expect, this will produce NULL prices and values instead of dropping left side rows when there is no ticker or the time is before the prices begin.

AsOf Joins with the USING Keyword

So far we have been explicit about specifying the conditions for AsOf, but SQL also has a simplified join condition syntax for the common case where the column names are the same in both tables. This syntax uses the USING keyword to list the fields that should be compared for equality. AsOf also supports this syntax, but with two restrictions:

• The last field is the inequality
• The inequality is >= (the most common case)

Our first query can then be written as:

SELECT ticker, h.when, price * shares AS value
FROM holdings h
ASOF JOIN prices p USING (ticker, "when");

Clarification on Column Selection with USING in ASOF Joins

When you use the USING keyword in a join, the columns specified in the USING clause are merged in the result set. This means that if you run:

SELECT *
FROM holdings h
ASOF JOIN prices p USING (ticker, "when");

You will get back only the columns h.ticker, h.when, h.shares, p.price. The columns ticker and when will appear only once, with ticker and when coming from the left table (holdings).

This behavior is fine for the ticker column because the value is the same in both tables. However, for the when column, the values might differ between the two tables due to the >= condition used in the AsOf join. The AsOf join is designed to match each row in the left table (holdings) with the nearest preceding row in the right table (prices) based on the when column.

If you want to retrieve the when column from both tables to see both timestamps, you need to list the columns explicitly rather than relying on *, like so:

SELECT h.ticker, h.when AS holdings_when, p.when AS prices_when, h.shares, p.price
FROM holdings h
ASOF JOIN prices p USING (ticker, "when");

This ensures that you get the complete information from both tables, avoiding any potential confusion caused by the default behavior of the USING keyword.

See Also

For implementation details, see the blog post “DuckDB's AsOf joins: Fuzzy Temporal Lookups”.