Timestamps represent points in absolute time, usually called instants. DuckDB represents instants as the number of microseconds (µs) since 1970-01-01 00:00:00+00.

Timestamp Types

A timestamp specifies a combination of DATE (year, month, day) and a TIME (hour, minute, second, microsecond). Timestamps can be created using the TIMESTAMP keyword, where the data must be formatted according to the ISO 8601 format (YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss[.zzzzzz][+-TT[:tt]]). Decimal places beyond the targeted sub-second precision are ignored.

Warning When defining timestamps using a TIMESTAMP_NS literal, the decimal places beyond microseconds are ignored. Note that the TIMESTAMP_NS type is able to hold nanoseconds when created e.g. via ingestion the ingestion of Parquet files.

SELECT TIMESTAMP_NS '1992-09-20 11:30:00.123456789'; -- 1992-09-20 11:30:00.123456
SELECT TIMESTAMP    '1992-09-20 11:30:00.123456789'; -- 1992-09-20 11:30:00.123456
SELECT DATETIME     '1992-09-20 11:30:00.123456789'; -- 1992-09-20 11:30:00.123456
SELECT TIMESTAMP_MS '1992-09-20 11:30:00.123456789'; -- 1992-09-20 11:30:00.123
SELECT TIMESTAMP_S  '1992-09-20 11:30:00.123456789'; -- 1992-09-20 11:30:00
SELECT TIMESTAMPTZ  '1992-09-20 11:30:00.123456789'; -- 1992-09-20 11:30:00.123456+00
SELECT TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE '1992-09-20 11:30:00.123456789'; -- 1992-09-20 11:30:00.123456+00

Special Values

There are also three special date values that can be used on input:

The values infinity and -infinity are specially represented inside the system and will be displayed unchanged; but epoch is simply a notational shorthand that will be converted to the time stamp value when read.

SELECT '-infinity'::TIMESTAMP, 'epoch'::TIMESTAMP, 'infinity'::TIMESTAMP;

Functions

See Timestamp Functions.

Time Zones

The TIMESTAMPTZ type can be binned into calendar and clock bins using a suitable extension. The built-in ICU extension implements all the binning and arithmetic functions using the International Components for Unicode time zone and calendar functions.

To set the time zone to use, first load the ICU extension. The ICU extension comes pre-bundled with several DuckDB clients (including Python, R, JDBC, and ODBC), so this step can be skipped in those cases. In other cases you might first need to install and load the ICU extension.

INSTALL icu;
LOAD icu;

Next, use the SET TimeZone command:

SET TimeZone = 'America/Los_Angeles';

Time binning operations for TIMESTAMPTZ will then be implemented using the given time zone.

A list of available time zones can be pulled from the pg_timezone_names() table function:

SELECT
    name,
    abbrev,
    utc_offset
FROM pg_timezone_names()
ORDER BY
    name;

You can also find a reference table of available time zones.

Calendars

The ICU extension also supports non-Gregorian calendars using the SET Calendar command. Note that the INSTALL and LOAD steps are only required if the DuckDB client does not bundle the ICU extension.

INSTALL icu;
LOAD icu;
SET Calendar = 'japanese';

Time binning operations for TIMESTAMPTZ will then be implemented using the given calendar. In this example, the era part will now report the Japanese imperial era number.

A list of available calendars can be pulled from the icu_calendar_names() table function:

SELECT name
FROM icu_calendar_names()
ORDER BY 1;

Settings

The current value of the TimeZone and Calendar settings are determined by ICU when it starts up. They can be queried from in the duckdb_settings() table function:

SELECT *
FROM duckdb_settings()
WHERE name = 'TimeZone';

SELECT *
FROM duckdb_settings()
WHERE name = 'Calendar';