Full-Text Search is an extension to DuckDB that allows for search through strings, similar to SQLite’s FTS5 extension.
Installing and Loading
The fts extension will be transparently autoloaded on first use from the official extension repository.
If you would like to install and load it manually, run:
INSTALL fts;
LOAD fts;
Usage
The extension adds two PRAGMA statements to DuckDB: one to create, and one to drop an index. Additionally, a scalar macro stem is added, which is used internally by the extension.
PRAGMA create_fts_index
create_fts_index(input_table, input_id, *input_values, stemmer = 'porter',
stopwords = 'english', ignore = '(\\.|[^a-z])+',
strip_accents = 1, lower = 1, overwrite = 0)
PRAGMA that creates a FTS index for the specified table.
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
input_table |
VARCHAR |
Qualified name of specified table, e.g., 'table_name' or 'main.table_name' |
input_id |
VARCHAR |
Column name of document identifier, e.g., 'document_identifier' |
input_values… |
VARCHAR |
Column names of the text fields to be indexed (vararg), e.g., 'text_field_1', 'text_field_2', …, 'text_field_N', or '\*' for all columns in input_table of type VARCHAR |
stemmer |
VARCHAR |
The type of stemmer to be used. One of 'arabic', 'basque', 'catalan', 'danish', 'dutch', 'english', 'finnish', 'french', 'german', 'greek', 'hindi', 'hungarian', 'indonesian', 'irish', 'italian', 'lithuanian', 'nepali', 'norwegian', 'porter', 'portuguese', 'romanian', 'russian', 'serbian', 'spanish', 'swedish', 'tamil', 'turkish', or 'none' if no stemming is to be used. Defaults to 'porter' |
stopwords |
VARCHAR |
Qualified name of table containing a single VARCHAR column containing the desired stopwords, or 'none' if no stopwords are to be used. Defaults to 'english' for a pre-defined list of 571 English stopwords |
ignore |
VARCHAR |
Regular expression of patterns to be ignored. Defaults to '(\\.|[^a-z])+', ignoring all escaped and non-alphabetic lowercase characters |
strip_accents |
BOOLEAN |
Whether to remove accents (e.g., convert á to a). Defaults to 1 |
lower |
BOOLEAN |
Whether to convert all text to lowercase. Defaults to 1 |
overwrite |
BOOLEAN |
Whether to overwrite an existing index on a table. Defaults to 0 |
This PRAGMA builds the index under a newly created schema. The schema will be named after the input table: if an index is created on table 'main.table_name', then the schema will be named 'fts_main_table_name'.
PRAGMA drop_fts_index
drop_fts_index(input_table)
Drops a FTS index for the specified table.
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
input_table |
VARCHAR |
Qualified name of input table, e.g., 'table_name' or 'main.table_name' |
match_bm25 Function
match_bm25(input_id, query_string, fields := NULL, k := 1.2, b:= 0.75, conjunctive := 0)
When an index is built, this retrieval macro is created that can be used to search the index.
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
input_id |
VARCHAR |
Column name of document identifier, e.g., 'document_identifier' |
query_string |
VARCHAR |
The string to search the index for |
fields |
VARCHAR |
Comma-separarated list of fields to search in, e.g., 'text_field_2, text_field_N'. Defaults to NULL to search all indexed fields |
k |
DOUBLE |
Parameter k1 in the Okapi BM25 retrieval model. Defaults to 1.2 |
b |
DOUBLE |
Parameter b in the Okapi BM25 retrieval model. Defaults to 0.75 |
conjunctive |
BOOLEAN |
Whether to make the query conjunctive i.e., all terms in the query string must be present in order for a document to be retrieved |
stem Function
stem(input_string, stemmer)
Reduces words to their base. Used internally by the extension.
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
input_string |
VARCHAR |
The column or constant to be stemmed |
stemmer |
VARCHAR |
The type of stemmer to be used. One of 'arabic', 'basque', 'catalan', 'danish', 'dutch', 'english', 'finnish', 'french', 'german', 'greek', 'hindi', 'hungarian', 'indonesian', 'irish', 'italian', 'lithuanian', 'nepali', 'norwegian', 'porter', 'portuguese', 'romanian', 'russian', 'serbian', 'spanish', 'swedish', 'tamil', 'turkish', or 'none' if no stemming is to be used. |
Example Usage
Create a table and fill it with text data:
CREATE TABLE documents (
document_identifier VARCHAR,
text_content VARCHAR,
author VARCHAR,
doc_version INTEGER
);
INSERT INTO documents
VALUES ('doc1',
'The mallard is a dabbling duck that breeds throughout the temperate.',
'Hannes Mühleisen',
3),
('doc2',
'The cat is a domestic species of small carnivorous mammal.',
'Laurens Kuiper',
2
);
Build the index, and make both the text_content and author columns searchable.
PRAGMA create_fts_index(
'documents', 'document_identifier', 'text_content', 'author'
);
Search the author field index for documents that are authored by “Muhleisen”. This retrieves “doc1”:
SELECT document_identifier, text_content, score
FROM (
SELECT *, fts_main_documents.match_bm25(
document_identifier,
'Muhleisen',
fields := 'author'
) AS score
FROM documents
) sq
WHERE score IS NOT NULL
AND doc_version > 2
ORDER BY score DESC;
| document_identifier | text_content | score |
|---|---|---|
| doc1 | The mallard is a dabbling duck that breeds throughout the temperate. | 0.0 |
Search for documents about “small cats”. This retrieves “doc2”:
SELECT document_identifier, text_content, score
FROM (
SELECT *, fts_main_documents.match_bm25(
document_identifier,
'small cats'
) AS score
FROM documents
) sq
WHERE score IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY score DESC;
| document_identifier | text_content | score |
|---|---|---|
| doc2 | The cat is a domestic species of small carnivorous mammal. | 0.0 |
Warning The FTS index will not update automatically when input table changes. A workaround of this limitation can be recreating the index to refresh.
GitHub
The fts extension is part of the main DuckDB repository.