The azure extension is a loadable extension that adds a filesystem abstraction for the Azure Blob storage to DuckDB.

Installing and Loading

The azure extension will be transparently autoloaded on first use from the official extension repository. If you would like to install and load it manually, run:

INSTALL azure;
LOAD azure;

Usage

Once the authentication is set up, you can query Azure storage as follows:

Azure Blob Storage

Allowed URI schemes: az or azure

SELECT count(*)
FROM 'az://⟨my_container⟩/⟨path⟩/⟨my_file⟩.⟨parquet_or_csv⟩';

Globs are also supported:

SELECT *
FROM 'az://⟨my_container⟩/⟨path⟩/*.csv';

SELECT *
FROM 'az://⟨my_container⟩/⟨path⟩/**';

Or with a fully qualified path syntax:

SELECT count(*)
FROM 'az://⟨my_storage_account⟩.blob.core.windows.net/⟨my_container⟩/⟨path⟩/⟨my_file⟩.⟨parquet_or_csv⟩';

SELECT *
FROM 'az://⟨my_storage_account⟩.blob.core.windows.net/⟨my_container⟩/⟨path⟩/*.csv';

Azure Data Lake Storage (ADLS)

Allowed URI schemes: abfss

SELECT count(*)
FROM 'abfss://⟨my_filesystem⟩/⟨path⟩/⟨my_file⟩.⟨parquet_or_csv⟩';

Globs are also supported:

SELECT *
FROM 'abfss://⟨my_filesystem⟩/⟨path⟩/*.csv';

SELECT *
FROM 'abfss://⟨my_filesystem⟩/⟨path⟩/**';

Or with a fully qualified path syntax:

SELECT count(*)
FROM 'abfss://⟨my_storage_account⟩.dfs.core.windows.net/⟨my_filesystem⟩/⟨path⟩/⟨my_file⟩.⟨parquet_or_csv⟩';

SELECT *
FROM 'abfss://⟨my_storage_account⟩.dfs.core.windows.net/⟨my_filesystem⟩/⟨path⟩/*.csv';

Configuration

Use the following configuration options how the extension reads remote files:

Setting azure_transport_option_type explicitly to curl with have the following effect:

• On Linux, this may solve certificates issue (Error: Invalid Error: Fail to get a new connection for: https://⟨storage account name⟩.blob.core.windows.net/. Problem with the SSL CA cert (path? access rights?)) because when specifying the extension will try to find the bundle certificate in various paths (that is not done by curl by default and might be wrong due to static linking).
• On Windows, this replaces the default adapter (WinHTTP) allowing you to use all curl capabilities (for example using a socks proxies).
• On all operating systems, it will honor the following environment variables:
  • CURL_CA_INFO: Path to a PEM encoded file containing the certificate authorities sent to libcurl. Note that this option is known to only work on Linux and might throw if set on other platforms.
  • CURL_CA_PATH: Path to a directory which holds PEM encoded file, containing the certificate authorities sent to libcurl.

Example:

SET azure_http_stats = false;
SET azure_read_transfer_concurrency = 5;
SET azure_read_transfer_chunk_size = 1_048_576;
SET azure_read_buffer_size = 1_048_576;

Authentication

The Azure extension has two ways to configure the authentication. The preferred way is to use Secrets.

Authentication with Secret

Multiple Secret Providers are available for the Azure extension:

• If you need to define different secrets for different storage accounts, use the SCOPE configuration. Note that the SCOPE requires a trailing slash (SCOPE 'azure://some_container/').
• If you use fully qualified path then the ACCOUNT_NAME attribute is optional.

CONFIG Provider

The default provider, CONFIG (i.e., user-configured), allows access to the storage account using a connection string or anonymously. For example:

CREATE SECRET secret1 (
    TYPE AZURE,
    CONNECTION_STRING '⟨value⟩'
);

If you do not use authentication, you still need to specify the storage account name. For example:

CREATE SECRET secret2 (
    TYPE AZURE,
    PROVIDER CONFIG,
    ACCOUNT_NAME '⟨storage account name⟩'
);

The default PROVIDER is CONFIG.

CREDENTIAL_CHAIN Provider

The CREDENTIAL_CHAIN provider allows connecting using credentials automatically fetched by the Azure SDK via the Azure credential chain. By default, the DefaultAzureCredential chain used, which tries credentials according to the order specified by the Azure documentation. For example:

CREATE SECRET secret3 (
    TYPE AZURE,
    PROVIDER CREDENTIAL_CHAIN,
    ACCOUNT_NAME '⟨storage account name⟩'
);

DuckDB also allows specifying a specific chain using the CHAIN keyword. This takes a semicolon-separated list (a;b;c) of providers that will be tried in order. For example:

CREATE SECRET secret4 (
    TYPE AZURE,
    PROVIDER CREDENTIAL_CHAIN,
    CHAIN 'cli;env',
    ACCOUNT_NAME '⟨storage account name⟩'
);

The possible values are the following: cli; managed_identity; env; default;

If no explicit CHAIN is provided, the default one will be default

SERVICE_PRINCIPAL Provider

The SERVICE_PRINCIPAL provider allows connecting using a Azure Service Principal (SPN).

Either with a secret:

CREATE SECRET azure_spn (
    TYPE AZURE,
    PROVIDER SERVICE_PRINCIPAL,
    TENANT_ID '⟨tenant id⟩',
    CLIENT_ID '⟨client id⟩',
    CLIENT_SECRET '⟨client secret⟩',
    ACCOUNT_NAME '⟨storage account name⟩'
);

Or with a certificate:

CREATE SECRET azure_spn_cert (
    TYPE AZURE,
    PROVIDER SERVICE_PRINCIPAL,
    TENANT_ID '⟨tenant id⟩',
    CLIENT_ID '⟨client id⟩',
    CLIENT_CERTIFICATE_PATH '⟨client cert path⟩',
    ACCOUNT_NAME '⟨storage account name⟩'
);

Configuring a Proxy

To configure proxy information when using secrets, you can add HTTP_PROXY, PROXY_USER_NAME, and PROXY_PASSWORD in the secret definition. For example:

CREATE SECRET secret5 (
    TYPE AZURE,
    CONNECTION_STRING '⟨value⟩',
    HTTP_PROXY 'http://localhost:3128',
    PROXY_USER_NAME 'john',
    PROXY_PASSWORD 'doe'
);

• When using secrets, the HTTP_PROXY environment variable will still be honored except if you provide an explicit value for it.
• When using secrets, the SET variable of the Authentication with variables session will be ignored.
• The Azure CREDENTIAL_CHAIN provider, the actual token is fetched at query time, not at the time of creating the secret.

Authentication with Variables (Deprecated)

SET variable_name = variable_value;

Where variable_name can be one of the following:

Additional Information

Logging

The Azure extension relies on the Azure SDK to connect to Azure Blob storage and supports printing the SDK logs to the console. To control the log level, set the AZURE_LOG_LEVEL environment variable.

For instance, verbose logs can be enabled as follows in Python:

import os
import duckdb

os.environ["AZURE_LOG_LEVEL"] = "verbose"

duckdb.sql("CREATE SECRET myaccount (TYPE AZURE, PROVIDER CREDENTIAL_CHAIN, SCOPE 'az://myaccount.blob.core.windows.net/')")
duckdb.sql("SELECT count(*) FROM 'az://myaccount.blob.core.windows.net/path/to/blob.parquet'")

Difference between ADLS and Blob Storage

Even though ADLS implements similar functionality as the Blob storage, there are some important performance benefits to using the ADLS endpoints for globbing, especially when using (complex) glob patterns.

To demonstrate, lets look at an example of how the a glob is performed internally using respectively the Glob and ADLS endpoints.

Using the following filesystem:

root
├── l_receipmonth=1997-10
│   ├── l_shipmode=AIR
│   │   └── data_0.csv
│   ├── l_shipmode=SHIP
│   │   └── data_0.csv
│   └── l_shipmode=TRUCK
│       └── data_0.csv
├── l_receipmonth=1997-11
│   ├── l_shipmode=AIR
│   │   └── data_0.csv
│   ├── l_shipmode=SHIP
│   │   └── data_0.csv
│   └── l_shipmode=TRUCK
│       └── data_0.csv
└── l_receipmonth=1997-12
    ├── l_shipmode=AIR
    │   └── data_0.csv
    ├── l_shipmode=SHIP
    │   └── data_0.csv
    └── l_shipmode=TRUCK
        └── data_0.csv

The following query performed through the blob endpoint

SELECT count(*)
FROM 'az://root/l_receipmonth=1997-*/l_shipmode=SHIP/*.csv';

will perform the following steps:

• List all the files with the prefix root/l_receipmonth=1997-
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-10/l_shipmode=SHIP/data_0.csv
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-10/l_shipmode=AIR/data_0.csv
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-10/l_shipmode=TRUCK/data_0.csv
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-11/l_shipmode=SHIP/data_0.csv
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-11/l_shipmode=AIR/data_0.csv
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-11/l_shipmode=TRUCK/data_0.csv
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-12/l_shipmode=SHIP/data_0.csv
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-12/l_shipmode=AIR/data_0.csv
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-12/l_shipmode=TRUCK/data_0.csv
• Filter the result with the requested pattern root/l_receipmonth=1997-*/l_shipmode=SHIP/*.csv
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-10/l_shipmode=SHIP/data_0.csv
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-11/l_shipmode=SHIP/data_0.csv
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-12/l_shipmode=SHIP/data_0.csv

Meanwhile, the same query performed through the datalake endpoint,

SELECT count(*)
FROM 'abfss://root/l_receipmonth=1997-*/l_shipmode=SHIP/*.csv';

will perform the following steps:

• List all directories in root/
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-10
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-11
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-12
• Filter and list subdirectories: root/l_receipmonth=1997-10, root/l_receipmonth=1997-11, root/l_receipmonth=1997-12
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-10/l_shipmode=SHIP
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-10/l_shipmode=AIR
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-10/l_shipmode=TRUCK
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-11/l_shipmode=SHIP
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-11/l_shipmode=AIR
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-11/l_shipmode=TRUCK
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-12/l_shipmode=SHIP
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-12/l_shipmode=AIR
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-12/l_shipmode=TRUCK
• Filter and list subdirectories: root/l_receipmonth=1997-10/l_shipmode=SHIP, root/l_receipmonth=1997-11/l_shipmode=SHIP, root/l_receipmonth=1997-12/l_shipmode=SHIP
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-10/l_shipmode=SHIP/data_0.csv
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-11/l_shipmode=SHIP/data_0.csv
  • root/l_receipmonth=1997-12/l_shipmode=SHIP/data_0.csv

As you can see because the Blob endpoint does not support the notion of directories, the filter can only be performed after the listing, whereas the ADLS endpoint will list files recursively. Especially with higher partition/directory counts, the performance difference can be very significant.